Once someone becomes addicted to drugs or alcohol, the brain actually makes changes in the way it functions. Taking drugs or drinking alcohol are no longer merely used to get a pleasant feeling or experience, but
substance abuse becomes necessary just for the users to feel normal.
Dopamine and Substance Abuse
When someone uses a substance such as drugs or alcohol, it releases dopamine into the brain. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that works in the reward center of the brain causing intense pleasurable feelings, such as euphoria. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, drugs or alcohol can release from 2 to 10 times more dopamine than natural rewards
1, such as favorite foods or sexual intercourse.When people continue to use substances over time, the memory center of the brain works with the reward center to associate the drug use with good feelings.
The Brain and Tolerance
Drugs and alcohol also affect other neurotransmitters and their nerve receptors in the brain. Some substances can attach themselves to certain receptors instead of the appropriate neurotransmitters. This causes mixed and confusing signals in the brain, as substances do not work the same way as neurotransmitters do. Some substances cause an excess of neurotransmitters, which increases or amplifies the signals in the brain. In an effort to try to fix the problem, the brain slows production of receptors and neurotransmitters, including dopamine. Suddenly, individuals need more of a substance to get the desired effect as dopamine levels have dropped. This is called tolerance.
Withdrawal
After using drugs or alcohol for a long time, the body gets used to the presence of the substance and withdrawal symptoms are caused when drugs or alcohol are not used. This can lead to an increase in use, not so that the person can feel good when using the substance, but to prevent from feeling bad when not using the substance.
The Brain on Drugs
The brain often tries to compensate for the substance abuse and changes the way it processes and utilizes certain proteins. This can cause damage to learning centers and memory in the brain. This can affect a person's ability to make appropriate decisions and use proper judgment in situations. This can lead to continued drug use even when it begins to have negative consequences on a person's life. The brain continues to send signals to motivate a person to use drugs or alcohol, while the substances continue to damage the ability to maintain self control over substance use.
Brain Damage
In a way, using drugs and alcohol is like reprogramming the brain to self destruct. Using the substance causes changes in the brain to encourage individuals to keep using the substance. Then, after long term use, the substance of abuse begins to damage the brain. Brain tissue can become damaged or die due to many factors of drug or alcohol use that include:
- Long term exposure to dopamine causes neurons to die
- Lack of oxygen causes lesions and cell death
- Decreased blood flow causes death of cells and gaps in brain tissue
- Nerve coverings are eroded leading to damaged nerve cells
Recovering from Substance Abuse
It is safer and less painful to detox from drug use at an
addiction recovery rehab. Physicians can prescribe medication to most individuals to make withdrawals less painful, and to provide treatment for substance abuse.
1. National Institute on Drug Abuse;
Drugs, Brains, and Behavior: The Science of Addiction
META: The brain often tries to compensate for the substance abuse and changes the way it processes and utilizes certain proteins. ***123 CHARS***